紫銅
紫銅(tong)是銅(tong)含(han)量很(hen)高(gao)的銅(tong)，以純(chun)銅(tong)為基(ji)體加入一種或幾種其他元素所構成的合(he)金。純(chun)銅(tong)呈紫紅色(se)，又稱紫銅(tong)。純(chun)銅(tong)密度為8.96，熔點為1083℃，具有優良的導電(dian)性、導熱(re)性、延展性和(he)耐蝕性。主要用于制作發電(dian)機、母線、電(dian)纜、開關裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、變壓器(qi)等電(dian)工器(qi)材和(he)熱(re)交換器(qi)、管道、太陽能(neng)加熱(re)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的平板集熱(re)器(qi)等導熱(re)器(qi)材。
黃銅
黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)是由銅(tong)(tong)和(he)鋅(xin)所組成(cheng)的(de)(de)合(he)金，具(ju)有(you)美(mei)觀(guan)的(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)色，統稱(cheng)(cheng)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)。銅(tong)(tong)鋅(xin)二元合(he)金稱(cheng)(cheng)普(pu)(pu)通(tong)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)或稱(cheng)(cheng)簡(jian)單黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)。為了改善(shan)普(pu)(pu)通(tong)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)，常(chang)添加其他元素(su)，如(ru)鋁、鎳、錳、錫、硅、鉛等(deng)。鋁能(neng)提(ti)高(gao)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)強度、硬度和(he)耐蝕(shi)性(xing)，但使塑性(xing)降低(di)，適合(he)作海輪冷凝管(guan)及(ji)其他耐蝕(shi)零件(jian)。錫能(neng)提(ti)高(gao)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)強度和(he)對(dui)海水的(de)(de)耐腐性(xing)，故稱(cheng)(cheng)海軍黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)，用(yong)作船舶熱工設(she)備和(he)螺旋(xuan)槳等(deng)。鉛能(neng)改善(shan)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)切削性(xing)能(neng)；這(zhe)種易切削黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)常(chang)用(yong)作鐘表(biao)零件(jian)。黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)件(jian)常(chang)用(yong)來制(zhi)作閥門和(he)管(guan)道(dao)配件(jian)等(deng)。
青銅
青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)是銅(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)除了(le)鋅和(he)(he)鎳以外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)元素形成的(de)(de)(de)合金，主(zhu)要有錫青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)，鋁青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)等(deng)。錫青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)、減摩性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)好和(he)(he)機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)好，適合於(wu)制造軸承(cheng)、蝸輪(lun)(lun)、齒輪(lun)(lun)等(deng)。鉛青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)是現代發動機和(he)(he)磨床廣泛使用的(de)(de)(de)軸承(cheng)材料。鋁青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)強度高(gao)(gao)，耐磨性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)耐蝕(shi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)好，用於(wu)鑄(zhu)造高(gao)(gao)載荷的(de)(de)(de)齒輪(lun)(lun)、軸套、船用螺旋槳等(deng)。鈹青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)磷(lin)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)極限高(gao)(gao)，導電性(xing)(xing)(xing)好，適於(wu)制造精密彈簧和(he)(he)電接觸元件，鈹青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)還(huan)用來(lai)制造煤礦、油庫(ku)等(deng)使用的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)火花工具。
白銅
以鎳(nie)(nie)為主要添加(jia)元素(su)的(de)銅(tong)合(he)金(jin)(jin)。銅(tong)鎳(nie)(nie)二(er)元合(he)金(jin)(jin)稱普通白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)；加(jia)有錳(meng)、鐵(tie)、鋅、鋁等(deng)元素(su)的(de)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)合(he)金(jin)(jin)稱復(fu)雜白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)。工(gong)(gong)業用白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)分為結構白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)和(he)電(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)兩大類。結構白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)的(de)特(te)點是機械性(xing)能(neng)和(he)耐蝕性(xing)好(hao)，色澤美(mei)觀。這種白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)廣(guang)泛用於制造(zao)(zao)精(jing)密機械、化工(gong)(gong)機械和(he)船(chuan)舶(bo)構件。電(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)一般(ban)有良好(hao)的(de)熱電(dian)(dian)性(xing)能(neng)。錳(meng)銅(tong)、康銅(tong)、考銅(tong)是含錳(meng)量不同的(de)錳(meng)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)，是制造(zao)(zao)精(jing)密電(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)儀(yi)器、變阻器、精(jing)密電(dian)(dian)阻、應變片、熱電(dian)(dian)偶等(deng)用的(de)材料(liao)。
